Pro-forma: related pages

Growth that is the result of takeovers, as opposed to organic growth.

Growth (including negative growth) that comes from a company’s existing businesses as opposed to acquisitions.

A number (generally turnover and profits) which excludes the effects of disposals but not those of acquisitions.

An abbreviation of like-for-like. LFL numbers strip out the effect of shop openings and closures on retailers' sales or profits.